Squatting Facets and Trochlear Extensions of Talus Bone in Indian Population

Introduction:The talus is a tarsal bone articulated with the tibia, fibula, navicular, and calcaneus bones to form supratalar, pretalar, and subtalar joints, respectively. A squatting facet is a kind of anomaly that forms on the surfaces where the tibia and talus articulate. The squatting facet states the daily activities and living style of society. Squatting is described as the hyperflexion of the hip and the knee and the movement of hyperdorsiflexion between the leg and the ankle. Materials and Methods: In the present cross‑sectional study, 600 dry adult human tali were taken from the osteology laboratory in the Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, UP, Lucknow. Each talus was examined for the presence of various patterns of articular facets on the neck of the talus and extensions of its trochlear surface. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, as reference code: 121 ECMIIA/P3. Results: In our study, we observed that the lateral, medial, and combined squatting faces are 282 (47.64%), 49 (8.28%), and 22 (3.72%), respectively. Lateral, medial, and continuous trochlear extensions are 126 (21.12%), 120 (20.58%), and 31 (5.36%), respectively, in the Indian population. Conclusion: Modifications of the neck of the talus (squatting facets and trochlear extensions) are the result of prolonged squatting positions, which is a common habit of the Indian population, and incidences of these variations can be used as an anthropological marker for racial and regional differentiation of unidentified bones.

Gender-Wise histological differences in the human upper lip

Introduction: Knowledge of morphometry of lip lining help in deciding the best site for choosing graft for its better uptake during several dermal grafting procedures following craniofacial cancers or cosmetic procedures. It also proves useful in dermatopharmacokinetics, in which we monitor the effect of drugs acting on connective tissue by translabial route and lip augmentation surgeries (esthetic surgery) where care is to be given for dermal fillers not to be injected into the muscle core of lip. Materials and Methods: Ten human male cadavers and 10 human female cadavers were procured. The rectangle‑shaped skin specimen (1 cm × 1 cm) through the upper lip was stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. A total of 40 slides were prepared. Readings were obtained with the help of CATCAM E series HD cameras which was installed in light microscope. Results: The mean value of thickness of skin (epidermis + dermis) of the lip was 664.72 μm among males while 769.20 μm among females. Conclusion: The epithelium of females is marginally thicker than males. Edp: sc (epidermis/stratum corneum) ratio can suggest that giving drugs through translabial route will be easy in females as compared to males in the upper lip as the stratum corneum is the main barrier in drug transfusion and its absorption secondary to epidermis as a whole. The number of rete pegs per field at the dermoepidermal junction was higher in males which ensures more stability of skin of male lips compared to females

Association of trisomy 21 with anorectal malformation: a cytogenetic study

Background: Anorectal malformations (ARM) are congenital malformations of digestive system resulting from the disturbed development of hindgut during embryogenesis. ARMs involve both sexes; can occur either isolated or in association with other congenital abnormalities and may be associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Association of trisomy 21 with anorectal malformation is well documented. Present study was conducted to assess prevalence of association of trisomy 21 in patients with anorectal malformation.Methods: Total 48 children with diagnosis of anorectal malformation, who were admitted in Department of Paediatric Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, were selected for the study. Blood samples were collected and their cytogenetic analysis was carried out in the Cytogenetics laboratory, Department of Anatomy, KGMU-U.P, Lucknow, India.Results: Among the 48 study subjects, karyogram could be successfully obtained for 45 cases (93.75%). Numerical anomalies were observed in 8.9% cases. Trisomy 21 was found in 6.7%. The prevalence of trisomy 21 was found to more in males (4.5%) as compared to females (2.2%). Prevalence was highest in birth order 3(20%), followed by birth order 2(7.14%) and lowest in birth order 1(3.85%). Trisomy in association with ARM; was observed in children born to females aged >30 years. It was found unrelated to the history of consanguinity.Conclusions: Prevalence of association of trisomy 21 with ARM was found to be 6.7%. This coexistence emphasizes the need for a thorough investigation of patients with ARM.

Gender Differences in the Microanatomy of Skin of Palm in Humans

Knowledge of basic elements provides opportunity to make clear vision of structure of any organ. It is well known that accurate values of thickness of epidermis of skin and its variation with body site, age and sex are important in the fields of medical and biological research. The variations in skin reaction to certain stimuli could be due to biological factors such as the epidermal thickness, dermal thickness, distribution of epidermal appendages etc. Methods: Skin was procured from palm of six freshly embalmed human cadavers. Out of these three were males and three were females. Age of the male and female cadavers ranged between 60 to 70years (mean age 67years). Skin samples measuring 1cm (L) X 0.5cm (B) were taken from center of palm. Tissue was preserved in 10% formaldehyde for 48 hours. Fixed tissue specimens were dehydrated through increasing concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and absolute) of ethanol. After clearing the tissue in xylene, embedding was done in paraffin wax. 5 µm thick sections were cut using rotary microtome. Whole thickness of tissue was sectioned. Haematoxylin[Harris’s] and Eosin stained section was observed for 3 different fields thus for each cadaver 27 observations were obtained. Results: In females thickness of epidermis(Edp) of were observed 404.43±23.41µm,thickness of stratum corneum (330±32.83µm),layers of stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum were 4 and 3 respectively, number of rete pegs (7.52±0.94), depth of rete pegs (195.78±18.05µm), thickness of papillary dermis and reticular dermis were(135.92±13.230µm) and (386.10±8.24µm) respectively. Whereas In males thickness of epidermis(Edp) of were observed (296.63±107.03µm),thickness of stratum corneum were (112.20±63.92µm),layers of stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum were 2, number of rete pegs 16.15±3.71, depth of rete pegs (104.56±15.28µm), thicknesss of papillary dermis and reticular dermis were(142.63±40.84µm) and (483.27±116.43µm) respectively. Conclusion: Despite of the fact that subjects from both sexes belonged to the same age group, clear and statistically significant histological differences were observed in the skin of palm. Females showed thicker epidermis as well as stratum corneum but thinner dermis in comparison to males. Males had more number of rete pegs but these are shallower than females.

The Morphologicalanalysis Of Pterion In North Indian Population

Pterion is defined as an H-shaped small circular area formed by the junction of four bones: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Sphenoid on Norma lateralis of the skull. A 35 dry adult human skulls of unknown sex without any gross pathology or abnormalitywere taken for the study. Sphenoparietal was the commonest type of pterion observed on both the sides. Second most common type of pterion found in our study was stellate type. Stellate type of pterion was present only on right side of skull. The accomplishments of this study contribute to anatomical variations of the pterion, which are of interest to anthropologists, forensic pathologists and surgeons. This topic of study deserves further investigation in other populations from different geographical areas.

A Comparative Morphometric Study Of Orbit- In North Indian Dry Skull

Background: The bony orbit which lodges the visual apparatus is important not only for anatomists but also forophthalmologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and forensic experts. The objectives of the Present study areto provide the normal reference orbital parameters for the north Indian population.Materials and Methods: The study involved 215 dry skulls (83 female & 132 males) from the department ofanatomy from GSVM Kanpur, KGMC Lucknow, SMC Unnao. Orbital height (OH), orbital width (OW) has been takenof both side skulls in male and female. Orbital index (OI) was calculated by OH/OW × 100= OI. All thesemeasurements are taken by digital vernier caliper.Result: Mean orbital height in male skull was 33.8 ± 1.27, while female skull was having 31.2 ± 0.98. Orbitalwidth was 42.64 ± 2.16 in male and 40.85 ± 2.08 was measured in female and the orbital index was 83.45 and77.96 in male then after in female and these all values are found to be statically highly significant. Whilecomparing the right and left sided skull the height was 32.37 ± 1.08, 30.96 ± 0.85 while breadth was 40.31 ± 2.28and 40.28 ± 2.02 and the orbital index was 80.75 ± 5.60 and 80.67 ± 5.31 founded only orbital height have highlysignificant value and width and index having nonsignifacant value.Conclusion: We can conclude by our study that right orbit and male orbits have higher values In comparison toopposite side and sex having more value. Study also tells that male skull Is categorized under mesoseme andfemale in microseme categories of north Indian populations. It is recommended that further population basedstudies be carried out in different geographical locations

Coracoclavicular and costoclavicular joints at a common juncture: a rare phenomenon / Articulaciones coracoclavicular y costoclavicular en una unión común: un raro fenómeno

Movements at the human shoulder girdle are the result of complex interplay of glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular and scapulothoracic articulations. Clavicle apart from articulating with the scapula and sternum is also connected with first rib by costoclavicular ligament and with coracoid process by coracoclavicular ligament. At times the area of attachment of these ligaments on clavicle, first rib and scapula show faceted apophysis suggesting the presence of additional diarthrodial articulations. Costoclavicular joint exists between clavicle and first rib and coracoclavicular joint between clavicle and coracoids process. Both these joints are described in the literature, but the concurrent occurrence of them in the same bone has not been reported yet. We found two clavicles, one of right and other of left side, both of them showed faceted apophysis for costoclavicular and coracoclavicular joint simultaneously, which is rare phenomenon.

Los movimientos de la cintura escapular humana son el resultado de la interacción compleja de las articulaciones glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, esternoclavicular y escapulotorácica. La clavícula, aparte de la articulación con la escápula y el esternón también está conectada con la primera costilla por el ligamento costoclavicular y con el proceso coracoides por el ligamento coracoclavicular. A veces la zona de unión de estos ligamentos de la clavícula, la primera costilla y la escápula muestran procesos facetarios que sugieren la presencia de nuevas articulaciones diartrodiales. La articulación costoclavicular existe entre la primera costilla y la clavícula y la articulación coracoclavicular entre la clavícula y proceso coracoides. Ambas articulaciones están descritas en la literatura, pero la aparición simultánea de ellas en el mismo hueso no se ha informado aún. Se encontraron dos clavículas, uno del lado derecho y otra del lado izquierdo, las dos presentaron procesos facetarios para las articulaciones costoclavicular y coracoclavicular simultáneamente, lo cual es un fenómeno raro.